Exploring the Role of Women in Sufi Traditions: Are There Female Sufis?

The question of whether there are female Sufis has been a topic of debate among scholars and practitioners of Sufism for centuries. While the Sufi tradition has long been associated with male mystics and saints, there is evidence to suggest that women have played a significant role in the development and practice of Sufism. In this article, we will explore the historical and contemporary presence of female Sufis, and examine the ways in which women have contributed to the spiritual and cultural traditions of Sufism. From the earliest Sufi communities to the present day, we will discover the diverse and often overlooked contributions of women to this rich and complex spiritual tradition.

The Origins of Sufism and Its Inclusivity

The Historical Context of Sufism

Sufism, often referred to as Tasawwuf, originated in the early Islamic world, around the 8th century CE. It emerged as a mystical and spiritual dimension of Islam, focusing on the inner dimension of faith and personal experiences with the divine. The origins of Sufism can be traced back to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and his Companions, who emphasized the importance of spirituality and the purification of the soul.

As Sufism developed over time, it absorbed various elements from different cultures and religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. This intermingling of spiritual traditions led to a diverse and inclusive approach within Sufism, embracing different cultural and religious backgrounds.

The historical context of Sufism is significant in understanding its inclusivity. During the early years of Islam, the Arabian Peninsula was characterized by tribal differences, which led to social stratification. Sufism provided a unifying force, transcending these social divisions and fostering a sense of unity among Muslims. As a result, Sufism has historically played a vital role in promoting social harmony and bridging the gaps between various Islamic sects and ethnic groups.

The development of Sufism also coincided with the early expansion of Islam beyond the Arabian Peninsula. Sufis played a crucial role in the spread of Islamic teachings and the establishment of Islamic civilization. They traveled extensively, sharing their spiritual insights and knowledge with people from diverse backgrounds. This helped in the integration of various cultures and religious traditions into the Islamic world, further enriching the Sufi tradition.

In conclusion, the historical context of Sufism is deeply rooted in the early Islamic world, with its origins tracing back to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and his Companions. Sufism’s inclusivity has allowed it to absorb various elements from different cultures and religions, promoting unity and spiritual growth among Muslims.

The Inclusive Nature of Sufism

Sufism, often referred to as the mystical dimension of Islam, has its roots in the early Islamic tradition. It emphasizes personal spiritual experiences and seeks to cultivate a direct relationship with the divine, transcending the limitations of religious dogma and ritual observance.

While Sufism is often associated with the practices of male mystics, it is important to note that the inclusive nature of Sufism has allowed for the participation of women in its various aspects. This article will explore the role of women in Sufi traditions and the question of whether there are female Sufis.

Sufism, also known as Tasawwuf, has been present in Islamic societies since the early stages of the religion’s development. It has its origins in the Prophet Muhammad’s teachings and the sayings and actions of his companions. Sufism is often described as the “inner dimension” of Islam, focusing on the inner spiritual development of the individual rather than on outward religious observances.

The inclusive nature of Sufism has allowed for the participation of women in its various aspects. Women have played a significant role in the development and transmission of Sufi teachings, and have been active in the establishment and leadership of Sufi orders. In fact, many Sufi orders have been founded by women, and they have played a vital role in the spread of Sufism throughout the Islamic world.

One of the most significant contributions of women to Sufism has been their role as spiritual guides and teachers. Many women have been recognized for their spiritual insight and have served as mentors to both men and women seeking spiritual guidance. Women have also been active in the transmission of Sufi poetry and literature, preserving and transmitting the works of male and female Sufi poets and thinkers.

Furthermore, women have played a crucial role in the establishment and leadership of Sufi orders. While many Sufi orders have been led by men, there have also been numerous female leaders who have played a significant role in the development and spread of Sufism. In some cases, women have even established their own Sufi orders, which have attracted large numbers of female followers.

In conclusion, the inclusive nature of Sufism has allowed for the participation of women in its various aspects. Women have played a significant role in the development and transmission of Sufi teachings, and have been active in the establishment and leadership of Sufi orders. This suggests that there is indeed a place for female Sufis within the tradition.

Understanding Sufi Practices and Beliefs

Sufi Teachings and Philosophy

Sufism, also known as Tasawwuf, is a mystical tradition within Islam that focuses on the inner dimension of faith and the direct experience of God. The teachings and philosophy of Sufism emphasize the purification of the soul, the attainment of spiritual knowledge, and the cultivation of moral virtues.

At the core of Sufi teachings is the belief in the oneness of God (tawhid) and the importance of love and devotion to the divine. Sufis seek to overcome the limitations of the ego and the material world in order to achieve a direct encounter with the divine. This is achieved through a process of spiritual purification and discipline, which includes practices such as meditation, asceticism, and self-control.

Sufi philosophy is rooted in the teachings of the Quran and the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. Sufis also draw on the works of early Islamic scholars and mystics, such as Al-Ghazali and Ibn Arabi, who developed theories of spirituality and metaphysics that have influenced Sufi thought.

One of the key concepts in Sufi philosophy is the idea of the “Perfect Man” (al-insan al-kamil), who embodies the qualities of spiritual virtue and moral excellence. Sufis believe that the Perfect Man has attained a state of spiritual perfection and has access to divine knowledge and wisdom. The concept of the Perfect Man is central to Sufi teachings on spiritual guidance and the transmission of spiritual knowledge.

Another important concept in Sufi philosophy is the idea of the “veil” (hijab) between the individual and the divine. The veil represents the limitations of the material world and the ego, which obscure the direct experience of God. Sufis seek to lift the veil through spiritual practices and disciplines, which enable the individual to overcome the limitations of the material world and achieve a direct encounter with the divine.

Sufi teachings also emphasize the importance of love and devotion to the divine. Sufis believe that love is the most powerful force in the universe and that it has the power to transform the individual and bring them closer to God. Sufis also believe in the importance of self-surrender (kabir) to the divine will, which involves letting go of one’s own desires and surrendering to the will of God.

Overall, the teachings and philosophy of Sufism emphasize the inner dimension of faith and the direct experience of God. Sufis seek to overcome the limitations of the ego and the material world in order to achieve a direct encounter with the divine, and they believe in the importance of love, devotion, and self-surrender to the divine will.

Sufi Practices and Rituals

Sufi practices and rituals are an integral part of the Sufi tradition, which serves as a means of spiritual growth and enlightenment. While the specific practices and rituals may vary among different Sufi orders, certain common elements are found across the tradition.

One of the most significant Sufi practices is the remembrance of God (dhikr), which involves the repetition of divine names, phrases, or prayers. This practice is considered a means of connecting with the divine and purifying the soul. It is often performed in a gathering known as a dhikr circle, where participants sit in a circle and recite the dhikr together.

Another important practice in Sufism is meditation (muraqaba), which involves the focus on a particular object or phrase to achieve spiritual insight and enlightenment. Sufis believe that through meditation, one can transcend the limitations of the material world and experience a deeper connection with the divine.

In addition to these practices, Sufis also engage in various forms of physical and moral discipline, such as fasting, self-denial, and acts of charity. These practices are seen as a means of purifying the soul and developing spiritual virtues.

Sufi rituals also play an important role in the tradition. One common ritual is the commemoration of the Prophet Muhammad’s birthday (Mawlid), which is celebrated with music, poetry, and prayer. Other rituals include the performance of the Sufi whirling dance (sama), which is often accompanied by music and is seen as a means of achieving spiritual ecstasy.

Overall, Sufi practices and rituals serve as a means of connecting with the divine and achieving spiritual growth and enlightenment. While these practices may vary among different Sufi orders, they are an essential part of the Sufi tradition.

Perceptions of Women in Sufism

Historical Perspectives on Women in Sufism

• Sufism’s origins: Sufism emerged within Islam as a mystical and spiritual dimension, focusing on the inner dimension of faith and the individual’s direct experience with the divine. The exact role of women in Sufism during its formative stages remains unclear due to the scarcity of historical records.
• Medieval Sufism: During the medieval period, Sufism flourished throughout the Islamic world, with women playing a significant role as patrons, poets, and scholars. Many female Sufi mystics gained prominence, including Rabi’a al-Basri, Lalla Roum, and Tahira Tartushi, among others. These women contributed to the development of Sufi thought and practice, often transcending societal norms and expectations.
• Persian Sufism: In Persia, Sufism experienced a significant influence from the mystical traditions of the country’s religious and philosophical heritage. Women played a crucial role in Persian Sufism, with figures such as Bibi Khadija, Fatima Masuma, and Ma’suma Sultan being revered as spiritual guides and leaders.
• Indian Sufism: In India, Sufism merged with local religious and cultural traditions, giving rise to a unique form of Sufism. Women were active participants in Sufi communities, often taking on roles as teachers, saints, and spiritual guides. Examples include Lal Ded, Rabi’a al-Basri’s disciple, and Zeb-un-Nissa, the sister of the famous Sufi saint, Shaikh Salim Chishti.
• African Sufism: Sufism also found its way to Africa, where it evolved into diverse forms and practices. Women played important roles in African Sufism, with some even leading Sufi orders, such as the West African mystic and founder of the Qadiriyya order, Mariama Ba.
• European Sufism: With the spread of Islam to Europe, Sufism also reached the continent. While the historical records on the role of women in European Sufism are limited, some women, like Aisha al-Andalusiya, made significant contributions to Sufi literature and thought.

Throughout history, women have played various roles in Sufism, often challenging societal norms and expectations. Their contributions have been essential to the development and spread of Sufi thought and practice, demonstrating that women have been active participants in Sufi traditions.

Contemporary Perceptions and Debates

The perception of women in Sufism has been a subject of debate in contemporary times. While some believe that women have played a significant role in Sufism and have been considered as equals to men, others argue that women have been marginalized and excluded from the Sufi tradition.

One of the key debates is the issue of female Sufis. While some scholars argue that there have been female Sufis throughout history, others claim that Sufism has been traditionally a male-dominated field and that women have not been able to fully participate in it.

Some argue that the teachings of Sufism, which emphasize the spiritual equality of all human beings, have been used to justify the exclusion of women from religious and political power. Others point to the examples of female Sufi mystics and scholars throughout history who have played important roles in the development of Sufism.

The debate around the role of women in Sufism is not only a matter of historical and theological interest, but also has contemporary relevance. In many parts of the world, women continue to face discrimination and exclusion from religious and spiritual communities, including Sufi communities.

It is important to explore the role of women in Sufism and to challenge the assumptions and stereotypes that have historically limited their participation in this tradition. By doing so, we can gain a deeper understanding of the richness and diversity of Sufism and the important contributions that women have made to this spiritual tradition.

Women in Sufi Orders and Communities

The Presence of Women in Sufi Orders

While Sufism is often associated with men, it is important to recognize the significant presence of women in Sufi orders and communities throughout history. Despite facing various challenges and obstacles, women have played a vital role in shaping the spiritual and intellectual landscape of Sufism.

The Historical Role of Women in Sufi Orders

Throughout history, women have been actively involved in Sufi orders and communities. In many cases, women have served as spiritual guides, teachers, and leaders, providing spiritual guidance and support to both men and women.

The Contributions of Female Sufis

Women have made significant contributions to Sufi thought and practice. Many female Sufis have authored important works on spirituality, mysticism, and philosophy, and have played a crucial role in the development of Sufi literature and scholarship.

Women in Sufi Music and Poetry

Women have also played a prominent role in Sufi music and poetry, which has traditionally been a major form of expression for Sufi teachings and practices. Many female Sufi poets and musicians have composed and performed works that explore themes of love, devotion, and spiritual transformation.

The Challenges Faced by Female Sufis

Despite their significant contributions, female Sufis have faced numerous challenges and obstacles throughout history. In many cases, women have been marginalized, excluded, or even persecuted for their spiritual practices and beliefs.

The Contemporary Role of Women in Sufi Orders

Today, women continue to play a vital role in Sufi orders and communities around the world. While challenges and obstacles still exist, many Sufi orders and communities have embraced gender equality and have actively sought to empower women as spiritual leaders and teachers.

The Importance of Recognizing Female Sufis

Recognizing the presence and contributions of women in Sufi orders and communities is essential for understanding the full scope and diversity of Sufism. By acknowledging the historical and contemporary roles of female Sufis, we can gain a more complete and nuanced understanding of this rich and complex spiritual tradition.

Women’s Roles in Sufi Communities

Despite the prevailing notion that Sufism has been a predominantly male-dominated tradition, historical evidence and contemporary experiences suggest that women have played significant roles within Sufi orders and communities. Although the nature and extent of women’s participation may vary across different regions and time periods, there are numerous examples of female Sufis who have contributed to the development and transmission of Sufi teachings and practices.

In many cases, women have served as disciples, studying and practicing Sufism under the guidance of male or female spiritual teachers. Some have also assumed leadership roles within Sufi orders, both in the absence and in the presence of male counterparts. Additionally, women have often been active in propagating Sufi ideas and rituals through their own writing, teaching, and healing practices.

Moreover, there have been instances where women have established their own Sufi orders and communities, often adapting traditional practices to accommodate the specific needs and contexts of women. These female-led Sufi communities have fostered a unique sense of spiritual connection and sisterhood among their members, challenging conventional notions of gender and religious authority.

However, it is important to note that women’s roles in Sufi communities have not always been without challenges or resistance. In various historical periods and cultural contexts, women have faced social, political, and religious barriers that have limited their participation in Sufi activities or hindered their influence within Sufi orders.

Despite these obstacles, the contributions of female Sufis have been substantial and far-reaching, both within the Sufi tradition itself and in the broader religious and cultural landscape. By examining the diverse roles and experiences of women in Sufi orders and communities, we can gain a more nuanced understanding of the complexities and possibilities of gender and spirituality in Islamic tradition.

The Contributions of Female Sufis

Historical Examples of Female Sufis

There have been numerous female Sufis throughout history who have made significant contributions to the tradition. Some notable examples include:

• Rabia al-Basri (714-801 CE): A Sufi mystic from Basra, Iraq, who is known for her devotion to God and her teachings on love and self-annihilation. She was one of the first female Sufis to be recognized and her teachings continue to influence Sufi thought today.
• Lalla Rukh (1227-1262 CE): A Sufi poet and saint from Kashmir, India, who is known for her poetry and devotion to God. She was married to the Sufi saint Baba Farid and the two are considered to be the founders of the Chishti order of Sufism.
• Fatima al-Fihri (800-880 CE): A Sufi scholar and founder of the University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fez, Morocco. She was one of the first female Sufis to establish a major institution of learning and her contributions to education continue to be celebrated today.
• Nizami Ganjavi (1141-1209 CE): A Sufi poet and writer from Ganja, Azerbaijan, who is known for his contributions to Sufi literature. He wrote extensively on the theme of love and the relationship between the soul and God, and his works continue to be studied and celebrated today.
• Amina of Zaytuna (d. 961 CE): A Sufi saint and founder of the Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis, Tunisia. She was known for her piety and her devotion to God, and her teachings continue to influence Sufi thought today.

These are just a few examples of the many female Sufis who have made significant contributions to the tradition throughout history.

Contemporary Female Sufis and Their Contributions

Prominent Female Sufi Scholars and Teachers

In recent times, there has been a growing number of female Sufi scholars and teachers who have made significant contributions to the understanding and practice of Sufism. These women have played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting the spiritual and intellectual legacy of Sufism, often facing challenges and prejudices due to their gender. Some prominent female Sufi scholars and teachers include:

• Dr. Nahid Angha: An Iranian-American Sufi teacher and author, Dr. Angha is the founder of the International Association of Sufism and has written several books on Sufism, including “The Sufi Way.” She has also been instrumental in organizing interfaith dialogues and promoting cross-cultural understanding.
• Dr. Azizah Y. al-Hibri: A professor of law and Islamic studies, Dr. al-Hibri is the founder of the KARAMAH: Muslim Women Lawyers for Social Justice, an organization that focuses on promoting women’s rights and empowerment within the Islamic legal tradition. She has written extensively on topics related to Islam, gender, and human rights.
• Sr. Fatima al-Fihri: Founder of the University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fez, Morocco, Sr. Fatima al-Fihri was a pioneering figure in the field of education. Her establishment of the university in the 9th century enabled the transmission of knowledge and the development of Islamic scholarship for generations to come.

Women in Sufi Spiritual Lineages

In many Sufi lineages, women have played an active role as spiritual seekers, disciples, and even spiritual leaders. Some notable examples include:

• Lady Zainab: The granddaughter of the Prophet Muhammad, Lady Zainab was a respected scholar and spiritual figure in her own right. She is revered for her piety, wisdom, and unwavering devotion to Islam.
• Hajira al-Mansur: A 9th-century woman from Morocco, Hajira al-Mansur embarked on a spiritual journey that led her to become a Sufi mystic and teacher. Her story is a testament to the transformative power of Sufism and the capacity of women to excel in spiritual pursuits.
• Sayyida Nafisa: A granddaughter of the Prophet Muhammad, Sayyida Nafisa was a renowned scholar and teacher of Islamic sciences in 10th-century Cairo. Her contributions to the intellectual and spiritual development of women and the broader community continue to be celebrated.

The Role of Women in Sufi Communities

In Sufi communities around the world, women have taken on various roles as poets, musicians, scholars, and spiritual guides. They have contributed to the development of Sufi music, poetry, and literature, often transcending societal expectations and challenges to pursue their spiritual aspirations.

• Sisters of Sufism: Many Sufi orders have had notable female members who have played crucial roles in their respective communities. These sisters have been active in promoting the teachings of Sufism, engaging in charitable work, and providing spiritual guidance to others.
• Contemporary Women Sufi Poets: Women have made significant contributions to Sufi poetry, using their verse to express the subtleties of the spiritual journey and the divine mysteries. Examples of contemporary female Sufi poets include Rabi’a al-Basri, Lalla Arifa, and Amir Khusrow’s sister, Malika Habsaba.

Overall, the contributions of contemporary female Sufis span a wide range of fields, from scholarship and spiritual leadership to poetry and music. Despite facing various obstacles and challenges, these women have demonstrated the richness and diversity of Sufi tradition, challenging the notion that Sufism is solely the domain of men.

Challenges and Misconceptions Faced by Female Sufis

Cultural and Societal Barriers

Women have historically faced numerous challenges and misconceptions in Sufi traditions, which are deeply rooted in cultural and societal barriers. These barriers often limit women’s access to religious knowledge, limit their participation in spiritual practices, and prevent them from achieving spiritual growth.

• Limited Access to Religious Knowledge
  One of the primary barriers faced by female Sufis is limited access to religious knowledge. In many societies, women are discouraged from seeking education and engaging in intellectual pursuits. This has resulted in a significant gender gap in religious literacy, with women possessing less knowledge about their faith than men. Furthermore, traditional Sufi institutions have often been male-dominated, which has restricted women’s access to religious teachers and mentors.
• Participation in Spiritual Practices
  Another challenge faced by female Sufis is participation in spiritual practices. Sufi practices such as dhikr (remembrance of God) and meditation are considered essential for spiritual growth. However, cultural norms and societal expectations often restrict women’s ability to participate in these practices freely. For example, in some societies, women are expected to remain in seclusion and avoid public gatherings, which limits their ability to participate in Sufi rituals and ceremonies.
• Gender-Based Discrimination
  Gender-based discrimination is another significant barrier faced by female Sufis. Women have historically been denied equal access to spiritual leadership roles, with men often dominating positions of authority within Sufi orders. This has led to the marginalization of women’s voices and contributions to Sufi thought and practice. Moreover, gender-based discrimination often results in the exclusion of women from key Sufi rituals and ceremonies, further limiting their spiritual growth and development.
• Stereotypes and Misconceptions
  Female Sufis also face stereotypes and misconceptions about their spiritual practices and beliefs. Many people assume that women are less suited to Sufi practices or that their spiritual development is hindered by their gender. This has led to the perpetuation of harmful stereotypes that women are more emotional or less intellectually capable than men, which in turn restricts their access to spiritual knowledge and opportunities for growth.

Overall, cultural and societal barriers have significantly impacted the role of women in Sufi traditions. By understanding and addressing these challenges, it is possible to promote greater gender equality and inclusivity within Sufi communities, allowing women to fully participate in spiritual practices and contribute to Sufi thought and discourse.

Misconceptions and Misrepresentations

Sufism, also known as Tasawwuf, is a mystical and spiritual dimension of Islam that has been traditionally practiced by both men and women. Despite this, misconceptions and misrepresentations have been prevalent in understanding the role of women in Sufi traditions. Some of these misconceptions include:

• The belief that Sufism is solely the domain of men
• The assumption that women are not capable of attaining spiritual heights in Sufism
• The misrepresentation of women as passive and submissive participants in Sufi practices
• The overemphasis on male Sufi figures and the erasure of female Sufi figures

These misconceptions have contributed to the marginalization of female Sufis and the denial of their contributions to Sufi traditions. However, it is important to recognize that women have played a significant role in Sufism and have been active participants in its practices and teachings.

The Future of Female Sufis and Sufism

Preserving the Legacy of Female Sufis

The legacy of female Sufis is a rich and complex one, filled with the stories of women who have pursued spiritual growth and enlightenment in the face of societal expectations and restrictions. In order to preserve this legacy, it is important to recognize and celebrate the contributions of female Sufis, both past and present.

One way to do this is through the study and interpretation of classical Sufi texts, which often contain references to female mystics and their teachings. By examining these texts, scholars can gain a deeper understanding of the role of women in Sufism and the unique perspectives they bring to the tradition.

Another way to preserve the legacy of female Sufis is through the promotion of contemporary female Sufi leaders and teachers. By sharing their stories and teachings, these women can inspire and guide others on the path of Sufism, helping to ensure that the tradition continues to evolve and thrive.

Additionally, it is important to support the work of organizations and initiatives that are dedicated to promoting the study and practice of Sufism, particularly those that focus on the contributions of female Sufis. By supporting these efforts, we can help to ensure that the legacy of female Sufis continues to be recognized and celebrated for generations to come.

The Evolution of Sufism and its Potential Impact on Gender Equality

As Sufism continues to evolve, it is essential to consider the role of women within the tradition and their potential impact on gender equality. While some argue that Sufism has historically been more open to women than other Islamic practices, there is still much work to be done to ensure gender equality within the tradition.

One way that Sufism may continue to evolve is through the inclusion of more diverse voices and perspectives. By actively seeking out and incorporating the experiences of women and other marginalized groups, Sufism can work towards becoming a more inclusive and equitable tradition. This may involve challenging traditional gender roles and expectations, as well as reevaluating the ways in which Sufi practices and teachings are transmitted and interpreted.

Another potential avenue for evolution is through the development of new Sufi communities and organizations that prioritize gender equality and inclusivity. By creating spaces that are explicitly welcoming to women and other marginalized groups, Sufism can begin to move away from its historical gender imbalances and towards a more equitable future.

It is also important to note that the evolution of Sufism and its potential impact on gender equality is not limited to the realm of spirituality and religious practice. As Sufism continues to influence art, music, literature, and other cultural expressions, it has the potential to shape broader societal attitudes towards gender and identity. By promoting more inclusive and equitable values through these cultural channels, Sufism can contribute to the larger movement for gender equality and social justice.

Ultimately, the evolution of Sufism and its potential impact on gender equality will depend on the commitment of individuals and communities to challenge traditional gender roles and expectations, prioritize inclusivity and equity, and actively seek out diverse voices and perspectives. By embracing these values, Sufism can continue to grow and evolve as a tradition that is both spiritually rich and socially transformative.

FAQs

1. What is Sufism?

Sufism is a mystical form of Islam that emphasizes spiritual and emotional aspects of the faith. It is also known as Tasawwuf and is practiced by Muslims around the world.

2. What is the role of women in Sufism?

The role of women in Sufism varies depending on the particular order or community. In some cases, women have played important roles as leaders and teachers, while in others they have been more restricted in their participation.

3. Are there female Sufis?

Yes, there have been and continue to be female Sufis. While the tradition has historically been male-dominated, there have been many women who have played important roles as Sufi mystics, poets, and scholars.

4. What is the difference between male and female Sufis?

There is no inherent difference between male and female Sufis. Both men and women can pursue the spiritual path of Sufism and achieve spiritual enlightenment. The only difference is in the cultural and societal expectations placed upon them.

5. Have female Sufis played important roles in history?

Yes, female Sufis have played important roles in the history of Sufism. Some notable examples include Rabia al-Basri, Lalla Yelena, and Fatima al-Fihri. These women were instrumental in spreading the teachings of Sufism and have left a lasting impact on the tradition.

6. What is the current state of female participation in Sufism?

The current state of female participation in Sufism varies depending on the particular order or community. In some cases, women are fully integrated and play important roles as leaders and teachers, while in others they are more restricted in their participation. However, overall, the tradition is becoming more inclusive and open to the participation of women.

Mystical Love & Sufi Women